Introduction Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, so-called occult B infection (OBI), is defined by the recognition of HBV-DNA in the absence of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The HBV-DNA genome in OBI is ...

For two centuries, vaccines have been successful in the fight against viruses, triggering immune protection. Indeed, the elimination of smallpox, the only infectious disease eradicated to date, was made possible through ...